Welcome to a new series of Pinkbike buyers’ guides. We’ll be revising and updating these guides periodically as new options get released, and we get more feedback from our team.
Flats or Clipped In?At some point every mountain biker makes a choice: will they ride flat pedals or will they ride clipped in?
Flat pedals allow you to wear a flat-soled shoe that is held onto your pedals with pins that dig into the rubber sole of your shoe. They’re often chosen by riders who want to put a foot out quickly in technical terrain, or riders who want to do tricks. You can walk more easily in flat pedal shoes, and they’re often more comfortable.
On the other hand, clip-in pedals require a special shoe that connects to the pedal using a cleat. Clip-in pedals (also called “clipless” pedals, we know it’s confusing) ensure that your feet are held securely to the pedals, and always planted in the same position. Many riders also feel that they allow them to engage more muscles in their leg when pedaling, and encourage smoother, more efficient pedaling technique.
Regardless of your choice, most mountain bikers should try clip-in pedals at some point. After researching and testing countless pedals, we’ve narrowed down our top picks for you below, depending on your riding style, budget, and preferences. We’re confident that each of the Pinkbike Editors’ Choice options below will serve you well.
Why are they called “clipless” pedals when you clip into them?
Pedals used to have “toe clips” that held riders’ feet on the pedals with a cage or strap across the top of their shoe. In the mid-80s when pedals that you clipped into without the toe clip started showing up, they were marketed as “clipless” pedals to differentiate them from toe clips.
They're referred to as clip-in pedals in this article to avoid confusion, but clipless is technically the correct term.
The TestersI’ve been mountain biking for over half my life, and I’ve ridden clipped in since day one. I’ve raced World Cup cross-country races and EWS enduro races in all conditions, and have seen my fair share of bad pedals.
Pinkbike technical editors Mike Kazimer, Mike Levy, Richard Cunningham and Daniel Sapp also contributed to this test. As long-time bike industry tech editors, they’ve reviewed dozens of clipless pedals in the past decade.
How We ChoseThere are literally hundreds of pedals on the market. We narrowed down the list of pedals to include in this test by polling our own technical editors, and assessed the following criteria.
Mountain bike specific pedals: Road cycling and mountain biking clip pedals are different. We chose pedals that are specific to mountain biking and will suit the majority of trail riders. Unlike clip pedals used for road cycling, mountain bike shoes use cleats with a 2-hole design that are recessed into the sole. This allows for more comfortable and safe walking.
Two-sided clips: There are pedals that have a clip on one side and a flat pedal on the other. We only included pedals with clips on both sides.
Popularity: We reached out to our contacts at various pedal manufacturers and bike shops asked them what their best selling mountain bike clip pedals are.
Durability & maintenance: We sought pedals that have a reputation for lasting for a long time, and have rebuild options or are easy to maintain.
Weight: We chose pedals with a platform that are a reasonable weight for their intended use.
Pricing: We chose pedals that have a good price to weight ratio. We didn’t look at any pedals over $200 USD, because in the trail and enduro categories they’re just not worth it. Pedals get smashed up, and the few grams you’re saving are better saved elsewhere.
Availability: We chose pedals that would be available to the majority of mountain bikers around the world. We didn’t include any “Limited Edition” pedals.
Other Feedback: In addition, we read a slew of consumer reviews on websites that host them as well as the opinions of other cycling media. We chose to focus on pedals that are consistently well liked.
How We Tested Each pedal and cleat combination was weighed. Then we installed the cleats on a Specialized 2FO Roost shoe to see whether there were any compatibility issues or if shims were required. We rode each pedal on the same bike in regular conditions for general performance feedback. We checked the amount of contact with our test shoe.
In order to level the playing field, we created a “mud test” where we poured 1 cup of mud onto each pedal and then tried to clip in and out repeatedly. We tested each pedal in the middle of any adjustments they have (tension, float, etc.), as well as at their extremes.
What is float?
Float is the degree of free movement allowed by the cleat side to side while pedaling before you unclip. If you're focused on efficiency and power transfer, you will likely prefer your foot to feel more secure in the pedal and ride a pedal and cleat combination with less float, while more gravity oriented riders, or riders with any type of joint or knee problems, tend to prefer the mobility of a cleat and pedal combination with more float.
We also took apart each pedal (or attempted to) in order to assess serviceability. Durability is very difficult to assess with a small sample size of testers, so our durability scores rely heavily on our longer-term testing and user reports. If you have issues with any of the pedals we’re testing, please let us know in the comments.
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Just call them one or the other, what I hate is "Blah blah blah clipless pedals, which is weird because you clip in and it's called clipless, ISNT THAT WEIRD amirite!?!?!"
Yes, someone may be confused here or there, but they can do 4 seconds of research and figure it out.
Pinkbike: thou shalt never type "clipless" ever again.
For the longest time, I couldn't figure out why clipless pedals and shoes are called that way. I agree, they should have been call clip-in or click-in pedals. I still like the old road bike aero toe clips. They're sweet and sleek and no special cleats necessary!
Edit: I guess my m636 pedals back in the day were pretty close. Those things were the best.
Cleats for sure wear out for sure fast but the performance of the pedals is worth it IMO. I've found if you feel the cleats when walking then the set up isn't right or your shoes are worn.
There's a reason it's the most popular pedal DH. If you want a more free feeling and not feel like your shoe is bolted to the cranks then Crankbrothers is the play.
I love my XT pedals! Nice to see where they sit with other makes/models.
Also I don't know what metal they use to make SPDs, but I don't know how it's possible to smash them into rocks at full speed with all my body weight for years and not even have a scratch on them. The rest of the industry should look at Shimano SPDs as the holy grail of durability.
I've been running them for over a decade on all my bikes. Never had one that lasted less than 2-years without maintenance. And the ones that needed rebuilding or replacement, earned it with serious sledgehammer-like rock strikes.
Plus, you can't beat the mud and snow clearing ability. It just becomes a non-issue.
I've got nothing against other systems and manufacturers. But it's worth pointing out that not everyone has Crankbrothers "famous" durability issues.
My foot re-engages smoother and easier on trail after taking a foot out.
The audible click means I never question when my foot is engaged.
The platforms are equal in performance, despite the DX plastic being the ugliest clippy pedal known to man.
Reliability on the Shimano's is far higher. Going through a set of bushes every year with CB's is annoying. The Shimano's go on, and on, and on, and on and MAYBE I'll have to throw some more grease in at some point...
Never thought I'd buy DX's, but I'm not sure there's a better (Enduro/DH) clippy pedal out there.
At least Mallets do not seize up and refuse to release like XT/ XTR pedals do in the Chilcotin lava ash!
Nor do they need a dis-assembly and re-grease every four-five days like the HT1s (which would otherwise be the best pedals ever)
One nit: You describe float as "side to side" motion, which it is not. It is rotational motion (hence why it's defined in degrees). It's a small point, but for someone trying to understand the concept, describing it as side to side could be confusing. Cheers.
Especially because some pedals (like Time) have real side to side float in addition to normal float in degrees
since time is now specialized maybe time will have the right product placement in the future haha
YES ^^^^^
But, as a non-engineer, I believe the front of the pedal would interfere in a bad way to the clip in feeling
I'm on Time Speciale now. I love the feel of that system.
Back in the day, the large Attack Z pedals were great but the body of the platform would wear out making the system get loose over a couple of seasons. But for feel, they were great.
After going flat for a few months (DMR Vaults) I miss the solid feel of a large pedal on landings and manuals.
Are you happy with the Speciales? Are the retention bars holding up to pedals strikes and rocks?
Thanks
Ended up trying the Atac Aliums for a couple of rides. Unfortunately, absolutely hated the feel of them, zero control and feedback on my feet, to the point of being scary, way too much float. They click in easy, and are very easy to get out tho.
On the other hand, the feel of system when pedaling is quite something, they'll definitely go into my road bike.
Flats for me, it seems
Also if you are running Shimano but would like to try huge volume pedals, funn mambas use the same cleat. I didn't like them at first, but have them on a high BB bike at the moment and the ability to ride unclipped for a few meters is great.
You are right that most platforms don’t actually touch or support when clipped in.
I've owned some of my SPD pedals since the very late 90s and they still work great, even if they look like hell. I think that's a bit of why I had issues accepting the change to caged pedals, I'm just so used to no platform. My riding style is also that I try to never dab and always try to keep cadence up. 25 years of muscle memory is a lot to overcome.
this is for me at least, obviosuly if i tried a proper rigid xc shoe things may well be different
I cant remember, my experince is based on some xpedo pedals which are supposedly shimano compatible..
felt like i was balancing my foot on a marble without the platform to back it up
if you're so worried about getting bucked off your pedals that the clips make you feel better, I'm sorry.
I've been on flats only for about 7 years after 15-ish years on clips only, and I can't think of a single time that being clipped in would have helped. But I can recall a bunch where being clipped in made it worse.
I prefer flats, because I’m not racer-fast and look for more fun. But I can definitely see that racers prefer clip-ins at the insane speeds they are going for.
However, agree on it helping with pedaling recklessly; BUT if you're racing and concerned about maximizing raw pedal power, should you really be recklessly pedaling, since that's probably not the best way to get max power into the pedals, and kind of negates one of the commonly cites benefits of clips.
However, even when "letting the bike loose", you still need to apply some pressure to the pedals, otherwise you'd never be able to bring it back under control. Completely letting up and letting the clips do all the work is just inviting disaster, since eventually that looseness is going to kick the bike hard and a pedal is going to unclip and then you're f*cked. If you're using the clips as just an insurance policy to save a race, then you can get light, but not totally loose, and let the bike do the work but still have control. And if you do come slightly off line and lose pressure on a pedal, then your race run isn't ruined. But dealing will all that clips entail to get that tiny potential gain for everyday riding, I just don't think it's worth it, and realistically it's not worth it for "most mountain bikers".
Maybe you need a suspension tune, or just need to look further ahead and prepare for upcoming trail features better, because if a gnarly trail is pushing you off the bike enough that you need some crutch to hold you on, there is a disconnect happening somewhere. And I personally would be super worried that I'm missing some crucial skill and/or riding way beyond my current skills.
No one should ever need clips to ride anything. They should be an insurance policy and provide marginal gains for raw pedaling power for race runs. They should NOT be a crutch for riding outside your skill level, that way leads to disaster.
Yes, it's added security, but not worth the tradeoffs unless you're fighting for a better place in a race, ie: for a paycheck. Also, you said technical trails push you around enough to need clips, so it sounds like it's not security but necessary.
And previously you mentioned that you might want flats in situations where you might crash, but others have said clips don't effect getting off the bike in hairy situations, so which is it?
Also great job with quickly assuming someone is less skilled and riding easier trails slower just becuase they don't have to depend on clips like you do. In fact, I ride some of the well-known gnarliest stuff in New England (Lynn Woods, Gloucester, etc), definitely not "non-technical flow trails" and I'm not at pro speed but I'm not exactly slow either. In fact, I'm quick enough that one of the reasons I ride flats is that getting into and out of clips (which I had been riding for 15 years, so I was pretty damn good at it, and ran them full loose because it's not a crutch/necessity, it's a backup), when going foot out flat out back and forth on each side on twisty trails was literally slowing me down. I suppose I could flip it say that maybe you like clips because you're only riding flow trails slow enough that you never have to even think about putting a foot out, which quite frankly sounds damn boring.
SPD pedals have a poor interface with the shoe,like the egg batters,horrible power transfer with a not rigid like road shoe sole. I can´t trust any spd pedal,your feet can unclip in the worst moment, I said I do not like SPD pedals? hahahaha
I had always been a flat pedal rider. Decided to try clips and went the standard SH51 route, as these are marketed as the "proper" cleats, but had a heap of embarrassing falls due to not being able to unclipped, even with the tension would all the way off. And it is always worse with those panic releases, the muscle memory isn't automatic and you just fall over.
So I went back to flats and then decided to try the SH56 and ignoring the "beginner" tag they are always reviewed as.
Hallelujah, these things are the best. I love em!
They stay clipped when I want them clipped and release when I want them released. I have had plenty of panic releases when stumbling through techy stuff and they come out every time because they are designed to release in a very similar motion to that panic foot out movement.
The only times I have had them auto release unexpectedly is when I'd want them to anyway (eg. rock strikes).
They are the perfect balance and I don't want to go back to flats or SH51s. They satisfy my OCD of wanting perfect and symmetrical foot placement, yet provide the freedom to move on the pedal and put a foot out when I want it out.
Good luck!
You will likely have 1 or 2 zero mile an hour(zero kph for everyone else) flops while learning. That mainly just bruises your pride though.
After riding exclusively clipless for 10+ years, I switched back to flats and have no intention of going back. I cannot put my finger on why, but flat pedals are so much more fun to me. I love the feel and support of a large pedal platform under my foot, and natural variation in foot placement is healthier for your knees/joints over the long haul. That said, there is absolutely a slight climbing power loss (I'd put it at roughly 10%) to riding flats over clipless. Try both until you're comfortable in each, then decide.
They're not as durable as Shimano. I had to service mine after ~2 years (whereas I have a set of 13-year-old PD-M959's that I've never actually serviced, they still work great). But 2 years is still pretty good.
Got any pics of that? How did that effect the scores? Its doesn't seem to be mentioned again after the intro...
Even by your own diction, in the paragraphs following, that doesn't align, at all, whatsoever.
Not to mention the HT T1's have pins, which are adjustable, while the shimano's do not.
Also, another gaping obvious nonsensical rating is platform. Both the shimanos and HT T1's scored an 8. However, one could simply pop the shoe in the pedal, flip it around, look at it, immediately discovering with your own two eyes that you would never have shoe/platform contact on a Shimano. While the HT T1's absolutely have platform contact while clipped in.
Hey, Pink Bike, if you ever need someone with more adept sensory input, I'm available.
The Looks you say "hold up well to abuses" but Ive had 2 pairs and have damaged that super soft tensions crew many times from rock strikes. They are more secure but ultimately I moved on.
HTs were too tight for me with not enough float.
I settled on the Times, after having ridden times long long ago. I run them at 17 degrees and they still feel pretty easy to get out of but they are 100% secure. Really glad they have tension adjustment too. Its only 2 turns but you can feel the micro adjustments imo.
Does anyone know if the DH4 (they seem to still be available) suffer from the same?
However, for the new bike that is on the way I ordered a Msllet E long spindle. Availability of the cleats is the one and only reason for moving to CB. I just hope that I won't be missing my old Time pedals
This while being way cheaper and with what seems to be a comparable platform area.
What's the catch then, heavier? Not tension adjustment?
Of course you can always buy a spare pair and keep it in your toolbox but let's be honest. How many of us keeps enough spare cleats and brake pads on hand?
The new Speciale pedals are light(compared to the old metal ones) and have adjustment, but the retainers bend up too easily.
The DH4s you're looking at would probably last ages...mine have. I just put them back on yet another bike.
On the other hand, was surprised by how big the Aliums are, the contact area is huge for a "XC" style pedal, at least as big as the Shimano trail pedals.
Until someone figures out the puzzle of having flat pedal grip and feel with the security of a clipless pedal, we're all just making due with what's available while companies are trying to make their pedals look hard core for marketability.
so wit hte vtwins, i played around with the spacers and pins.. and got it how i like it i think.
as your foot engages, the spd mechanism rolls forwards, so if you have pins correct up fron, your sole is now locked into those. Naturally the rear of the shoe lifts away from the platform a little. so i guess those pins are only functional for the times your foot is out and moving about.
I cant get on with letting my foot rotate, i feel like im ice skating and it doesnt work for me.
see if you can find a set on here or ebay or such like as they are an expensive expeeriment.
Candy pedals are sublime to use. Just make sure you have a shoe that works well with them. The "wings" on either side of the cleat should contact the pedal body. Shimano update their platform pedals to provide even greater shoe contact. But to me it will reduce float and that is what makes Crankbrothers pedals so nice to use. Lots of movement is allowed before release.
Gives you better power transfer, platform is useless anyway in that case, pedals are lighter and cheaper and less chance of catching on ground due to smaller footprint.
They’re my indoor trainer shoes now. :-)
tatze-bike.com/products/tatze-two-face
An award winning pedal. Sturdy, life long warranty for the axles and great weight even with CroMoly Option instead of the Titanium Option which is even lighter.
Looking to potentially follow up on UK sale of goods act as goods may not be fit for purpose.
I appear unable to purchase a replacement spring so am left with unusable set of pedals.
Time Pedal Buyer Beware !!!!
.
Got a pair of XT M8120 next, great build quality, and for the first few weeks felt secure enough. But it only took a tiny bit of wear on cleats/retention mechanism for the accidental unclipping to come back, even with tension maxed out (at that point, conversely, voluntary unclips started to feel too hard). I was bad on dry weather, borderline dangerous in the wet. All this paired with Shimano AM7 (AM702) shoes.
Went back to flats, no point using SPD if my feet were feeling less secure that way.
Some people say that Time are great for people suffering from my issues, any comments on that? I guess I twist my feet too much for SPD
2) get single release cleats
3) you'll never accidentally release
Short answer - for me, Times 100% fix the accidental release issue. If I do get an accidental release, it almost always means it's time for new cleats.
You're describing exactly my problem
It always surprises me that they aren't more popular than they are...
They are heavy, but like most Shimano pedals, appear to be bombproof so far.
I am curious about the PD-M820 pedals. They look pretty solid, about the same price as the XTs but they actually have pins.
decided to try clips, and what a great change!!! give it a try!! and no... i didn´t kill myself (i tought i would too)
The only bike I'm not using Shimanos on is my gravel bike, where I've got ISSIs, just for the +12 spindle option... I've found I really need an MTB stance/q factor or I get weird hip pain. If Shimano had a wider spindle option, I'd be back on them in a heartbeat. In about 500 road and gravel miles, they look like shit and I've already rebuilt the bearings on one.
Durability: 9/10
Serviceability: 2/10
I'll buy another pair of Shimano when the current ones have been beaten to oblivion. I don't think I've ever worn out a pair of pedals ... even when the races are pitted, the bearings can be adjusted a bit loose. And carry on...lol.
If you can't stay in Shimano's try HT's, as mentioned in the article the spring tension is different from SPD's
I can never stay in Shimano's, always poping out of them at the wrong time, usually in the air or through some heinous situation.
I run my HT's at a pretty low setting and can always get out of them, clip into them, and generally never prematurely release :-) Shimano's I needed to crank right up.
The older version had some longevity issues with the bearings, but starting last year there was some quaility control adjustments them made a huge difference.
For example I ride one type of clip in pedal for DH, another for enduro/trail, a different pedal for XC, another for BMX, and just to really mix it up Flats for my DJ
But I like them to all have that same feel and design that allows me to use one pair of shoes/cleats for clip and one for flats.
I've had friends that tried clips and hated them...and it turns out they were using the less forgiving cleats. They just had no idea that they were even a thing.
Shimano's multi release cleat (as opposed to their single release cleat) has been my main stay for cleats when riding all mountain or downhill in clips and I can't imagine someone using the single release cleat on gnarly technical lines.
See this video by Clint Gibbs at 2:24
youtu.be/JJBEkKK5liY
They don't release when you pull up on the pedals.
Having ridden 10 years of all mountain and dh riding on multi release cleats they don't just arbitrarily release your foot when you pull it up. But they are way easier to get out of...you don't have to think about it (or which way) which is perfect for mountain biking where sudden ejections tend to present themselves.
If you do end up getting more into mtn biking you should give them a good try.
I would guess it depends on what angle your natural posture puts your feet on pedals but for me they do release when I pull up on the pedal hard. I will wear out the multi release and then I will replace with the single release.
I don't think the beginner vs advanced is the right way to look at it but it is simply not correct to say the multi release to do not release when pulling up on the pedals.
I have been riding on them for nearly 2 years now and as per the video, they don't release when you pull up.
They do release when you pull sideways, as Clint demonstrates in the video, which happens when you want to get out.
I've never had them release on me when I didn't want them released.
You're comfy on SH51, great. No need for you to try 56.
My issue is that the 56 often gets this type of criticism from those with no experience with them, like Sarah above. This discourages people from using them who otherwise might find them to be exactly what they want (like I have).
Mind you, as a long term flat pedal rider, I don't rely on my cleats for moving the bike or keeping my feet on them. Proper weighting of the pedals is how it should be done.
I agree completely with your point that some may appreciate the ease of exit and labeling them as one for beginners and one for expert is dumb. Everyone should ride what they like best and no one else should care what makes someone else happy when riding.
Lately tried out „Tatze“ Pedals. Award winning and impressive lightweight. Not enough time for a verdict yet.
If that's "worth noting" on these, it's worth noting on all adjustable ones, which means it's really not "worth noting", it's just a fact.
9 + 8 + 7 + 10 + 10 + 9 + 8 + 9 + 7 = 77!
Is this the same as air suspension with coil like feeling?
Then just buy flat pedals or coil suspension.
That being said, I just took a pair of (almost 20 YO )wellgo (not sure on model) flats off my my RM7, still working well.
Also, I used a pair of Xpedo triple Ti clip ins for 10 years of XC/cross racing only had to replace the bearings once.
So my experience with Wellgo and Xpedo have been great.
Note I did hear of several XC racers breaking their Xpedos, but they did have a 180 pound weight limit.
The reasons why I went back to Shimano were interesting. If I recall correctly the main reason was that it seemed like they started letting go of my cleat when Shimano didn't...this could be unfair as I was using Shimano cleats and they were worn, but they worked fine for the longest time. I was using same shoes/cleats across all bikes (2 road, 1 gravel, 2 mtb) so the malfunction was a minority in the situation.
The other thing I noticed was the feel of the pedal engaged to the cleat/shoe. Normally you wouldn't feel this with a really stiff shoe but mine weren't THAT stiff and it always popped into my mind when I was riding. The difference was that the cleat engagement just felt smoother with Shimano, and easier to find/do. The other thing was that when cranking power in a gravel situation the Shimano SPDs just felt nicer to power down onto (the platform I was cranking power into felt better on pressure distribution).
End conclusion is that Shimano SPDs have been regarded as benchmark because... from what I've experienced, they really are ultra bulletproof, refined, dialed in (is this redundant?) like a really fine Japanese engineered piece of perfection.
Nothing against the Ritchey pedals, it's just that Shimano really refined SPDs to a really high level.
If so, take my money.
tatze-bike.com/en/products/mc-fly
We should check those out though, I hear good things.
I've mostly ridden flats in my biking lifetime, but recently mostly clipped. The difference on rock gardens is immense. Clipped-in you can just relax and just focus on the line- Your feet aren't going anywhere.
Tricks on jumps suck, riding in mud sucks, skinnies suck, but not having to float the bike up into you to keep your feet on in fast rough sections is a revelation.
Mallet DH's are the only clip pedals I ride though, as my flat pedal habits will never go away anyway and I need huge float for my knee. Mallets "feel" mostly indistinguishable to flats under foot to me.
I spent a period of time racing, but now I'm 50 myself. Actually I originally went to clips for improved climbing comfort after a badly broken knee, but descending takes less focus now too. Incidentally on the clock I'm faster clipped in both up and down.
When I go back and forth, the only real difference I personally feel with flats are knee/hip pain on long climbs and feet periodically shifting out of ideal position on descents.
There is no perfect solution. Choose something and don't be a dick about it.
Peace to all humans.
Citation? How could having your feet locked to one position allow _more_ muscles to be used? By definition it's going to limit foot positions, which it literally going to limit the muscles available. If you mean the pulling up, that's quite often cited as something that is often detrimental to good _riding_ technique (riding is much more than pedaling) And it's been proven time and time again that the efficiency gains from clips are low single digit percents in already well-trained athletes, so marginal at best for them and definitely marginal for normal folks.
"most mountain bikers should try clip-in pedals at some point"
Still, why? Most mountain biker aren't looking for marginal gains in raw pedaling power, so why would they spend (waste?) the time on learning the whole process of attaching & adjusting cleats, adjusting pedals, developing muscle memory of clipping in, and the very important muscle memory of getting out, and perhaps eventually unlearning the bad habits that exclusively riding clips can bring on.
This zombie of an idea that riding clips is a skill that is necessary and should be strived for, or "leveling up to clips", needs to die. Clips are good for racers who want/need the marginal gains in order to remain competitive, that's it.
_Most_ mountain bikers would be better off not spending the time needed to get used to clips, then healing up from a broken wrist or elbow (because everyone likes to say that falling over when stopped is just a right of passage, which is f*cking insane), then getting pissed off and healing up when they can't get in after a foot-out corner an their foot skitters off the pedal and they crash again, then ditching clips, and then breaking bad habits; and instead just ride flats and have fun.
How many fails are from pulling up on the pedals and the resulting terrible body position, or a pull up and a clip releases accidentally. How many of those aforementioned shit hitting fan foot offs are on clips?
The "flat pedals win medals" BS should be "flat pedals, or any pedals win medals if you are Sam Hill." More WC DH riders use clips than flats,
Most clipless pedals have adjustable tension, so if you want them to hold to near body breaking force you can. Mine are cranked up to max.
And to answer your questions:
None,
None,
None.
I feel bad for you that you rely on your clips so much that they need to be max tension. So you'd rather have the bike hold on to you than you hold on to the bike... interesting.
Lots.
Lots.
Lots.
(wait for it)
A gain.
Do you need to be an F1 or WRC driver to appreciate paddle shifters in your car? no.
Maybe you crash too much or can't track stand or ride buff trails all the time or are doing wicked one handed supermans... who knows, but it seems like you have an issue being clipped in, and for that I am sorry, Unless you are really BikeJames trying to sell Catalyst pedals with a flat pedal manifesto. Then, not sorry,
I'm not saying no one should ever ride clips. I'm saying the tiny gains don't even come close to outweighing the detriments for "most mountain bikers", and the idea that clips are something for all riders to strive for or "level up to" is just plain stupid and needs to go away. You "level up to" clips when you're racing and doing well enough that it's worth the effort to deal with clips to get those marginal gains in a race scenario.
It was one of the first "skills" I learned when I got into mountain biking, because everyone said I had to, and then I rode clips only for like 15 years. So if you think I'm just disparaging everyone who took the time to learn how to ride clips, I'm not, because that includes me, too. But I wish I didn't because breaking the bad habits and reliance on clips took longer than learning how to use them, and that relearning cost me way more fun riding time than was ever gained with years of marginal gains in raw pedaling power.
After going from moto to mtb to road...going back to mtb it was never a thought to not clip in.
I never thought clipping in was a skill. It was just something I naturally did.
Few if any riders near me that I know ride flats unless - they lack skill and are not riding anything where staying on your pedal is an issue, OR they do a lot of jumping, in addition to trail riding.
There are few buff trails and plenty of rocky, rooty jank.
One thing you are forgetting is slipping a pedal and smashing the shit out of your shin. It'd take the risk of falling over over that any day.
So - ride your flats. I'll ride my SPDs. just ride and enjoy. am not pushing anyone either way, just being clear on what the reasons are.
No, I'm most definitely not forgetting. I don't bring it up because it just hasn't happened to me any more often since I ditched the clips. Literally cannot recall the last time I took a pedal to a shin outside of incidental contact during a crash caused by something else, a case in which a clipless pedal would have done just as much damage, especially the platform style (and many with pins just like flats) of all the pedals in this article. I don't rely on my bike holding on to me, so I don't get f*cked when it lets go.
"It was just something I naturally did."
So you just naturally grew a cleat on your foot? Or are you more ape than the rest of us and have more prehensile toes and so are used to grasping with your feet? Clipping in is not natural, normal human feet are not made for grasping, they're made for pushing. Clipping in is just something the cycling world told you that you're supposed to do. Did you "naturally" want to clip in on moto? Unless you didn't moto on janky trails...?
"Few if any riders near me that I know ride flats unless - they lack skill and are not riding anything where staying on your pedal is an issue"
Whoa, now you need clips only if you're more skilled? But those more skills don't include staying on your bike? Needing a crutch to stay on your pedals surely can't be considered a skill... Wouldn't the skill be the ability to stay on your pedals no matter what you're riding?
"am not pushing anyone either way, just being clear on what the reasons are."
You are pushing: you said riding clips should be done because it is natural, and necessary if you have "skills". Those reasons are bullshit.
As I said, I'm not saying no one should ride clips, but I am saying that "most mountain bikers" (the key phrase, taken from the very very beginning of this article) don't need to ride clipped in, it's not worth it.
1) Chromag Daggas FTMFW!!!
2) Every other flat pedal.