It's tight on the splines, you fit a tool with an outer bolt that screws into the crank then another bit inside that bolt is turned and it presses against the bottom bracket and essentially pulls the crank arm off
Thats a hollowtech II Crank (or other manufacturers equivalent). The axle and driveside crank are one piece, its just held in by the non driveside crank being attached on by pinch bolts.
It should just pull out, if its a little bit siezed, tap the other end of the axle sharply with a plastic/rubber mallet, or use a hammer and a piece of wood. It should pop out nicely.
Yes sir. Take a rubber mallet and give it some hard whacks making sure to brace the frame so it doesn't move taking energy away. Judging by that pic, its is pretty gummed up and may take a few blows to work free. Make sure you hit it squarely, any off axis blows wont help. The other option is to put a piece of wood of the end and hit the wood with a regular hammer, might give you some extra force.