The Science of Going Downhill Faster
While it doesn’t happen very often, sometimes the sports science world turns its eye on real mountain biking. Most studies for “cyclists” - which is really just a code word for road riding –are conducted in labs and on the road. This makes their application to the realities of trail riding somewhat limited, which is why it is always good to see someone use science to look at what is actually happening when we ride our bikes on dirt.
Earlier this year a study was published that looked at what it takes to be successful at Downhill Racing. This study was conducted by a team of researchers in the UK and it was unique in that it looked at more than just the usual cardio factors like VO2Max and Anaerobic Power. They realized that things like skill levels, self-confidence and hand-grip endurance also played a role, so they set out to see what exactly contributed the most to DH racing performance.
What they found was pretty interesting and worth checking out for anyone who races downhill. It really calls into question the usual approach to training for this unique sport and seems to support some of my “radical” notions about the best ways to approach improving your DH race times.
And while the study was looking specifically at going downhill really fast, there are a lot of of applications no matter what type of riding you do. Getting better at descending with more speed and confidence is pretty high on most rider’s wish list and knowing what it really takes to do that can help you make smarter training decisions.
In this article I want to go over this study, explaining what they found and what their conclusions were from it. I also want tell you what it all means for you…at least from my point of view. Hopefully you find something from it all that can help you ride faster and with more confidence on the trail.
![Vive la France]()
The Study
The overall study looked to identify “physiological, psychological and skill characteristics that explain performance in DH racing”. It comprised 4 mini-studies, with each one looking at different aspects that could contribute to performance. While I’ll give you an overview of the study, you can read the official summary and access the full published study by clicking here.
The first study looked to “identify factors potentially contributing to DH performance”. They surveyed an expert panel to establish what factors they thought were most important in the success of a DH racer. The panel comprised a group of 1 team manager, 1 team mechanic and 4 Elite riders and 1 sports scientist. After their results were gathered they sent those results in the form of a survey to 50 DH riders, asking them to rank the importance of those factors on a 6 point scale. 35 of them responded and their results were combined with the panels for the final rankings.
The second study looked to “develop and validate a measure of rider skill”. They asked an expert panel to create a list of important skills and then use it to grade riders on a 10 point scale in those skills. They were then shown 50 second video clips of riders in a recent DH race and asked to grade their skills, which also gave them an average score for each rider. They weren’t told anything about the riders and did not know how they placed when grading them.
The third study looked to “evaluate whether physiological, psychological and skill variables contribute to performance at a DH competition”. They went to a UK regional downhill championship event and tested 43 riders there of various ages and abilities. They were tested in aerobic capacity via a step test, lower body anaerobic capacity via 30 second Wingate test, hand grip endurance via squeezing on an dynamometer at 5 second intervals for 5 minutes, self-confidence via a survey before the race and skill level via video analysis as discussed in the second test.
The fourth study looked to “test the specific contribution of aerobic capacity to DH performance”. They had 10 riders and was comprised of two tests itself. The first had riders come into the lab to test VO2Max and Ventilatory thresholds. The second test had those same riders simulate a DH race run while having their heart rate and exhaled gasses monitored. They were also tested for hand-grip endurance by testing their grip at the beginning and the end of the run.
![Rachel Atherton knew what she needed to win today. In the end Emmeline Ragot would best her by 2.06 seconds.]()
The Results
The first study ranked Technical Skill as the most important factor with Self Confidence coming in second. Aerobic Capacity and Lower Body Anaerobic Capacity came in after that with Bike Set Up and Past Experience rounding out the list.
The second study resulted in a list of skills and a 10 point grading system that showed a high level of agreement among the coaches with how they were scoring riders. This scoring system was then used to grade the rider Skill Levels in the third study.
The third study found that Skill Level (as scored from 50 second video clips shown to coaches in the second study) and Hand Grip Endurance were significantly related to performance. They found no correlation between Aerobic Capacity, Lower Body Anaerobic Capacity or Self-Confidence and performance.
The fourth study found no correlation between aerobic capacity and performance. Peak values obtained during the simulated race run were less than what was obtained in the lab for VO2Max, minute ventilation and heart rate. However, breathing rate was actually increased compared to what was observed in the lab. They also found that Hand-grip Fatigue had a modest but significant correlation with performance.
Their Conclusions
At the end of the study they concluded that Skill Level and Hand-grip Endurance explained 73% of variance in ride times. They were the only factors that showed a significant correlation with performance and both of them came up twice in the study as being important.
The role for aerobic capacity was only partially supported by the data and there was no direct correlation between it and performance. It was obvious that there was a large aerobic demand but they couldn’t establish a link between VO2Max and how a rider actually performed.
Self Confidence didn’t do well in analysis of the third study but it was ranked as the second most important factor by the riders surveyed in the first study. After looking at the numbers they concluded that Skill Level feeds into Self Confidence and that feeds into performance.
Maximal anaerobic power was also unrelated to performance but they thought they might find a better correlation to the ability to repeat those anaerobic efforts “as previously shown in cross country mountain biking.”
Their conclusion was that the most important factors were 1) Rider Skill, 2) Hand-grip Endurance, 3) Self Confidence and 4) Aerobic Capacity “tentatively presented in order of importance”.
![Sometimes it takes a moment to tell Myriam and Remi apart... Third place and just 2 seconds back shows she is right back in the mix after an injury riddled 2014.]()
What it all means…at least to me.
At the end of the day Rider Skill was the most important factor, which means that developing your skills is the best thing you can do to get better at going downhill. And one of the best ways to do this is to focus on mobility training so you can efficiently get into the right positions on your bike. I can show and tell you all day long how to execute a skill but if you lack the mobility and/ or body awareness to get into the most efficient positions then it doesn’t matter. Knowing what to do only helps if you can actually do it.
It also means that you need to spend time working on your skills. Whether it is doing drills in a parking lot or spending dedicated time during rides focusing on specific skills - or preferably both – you have to use focused practice as a big part of your training program. Just riding your bike will only get you so far and making sure you can move efficiently and then can apply that movement properly to the bike is the fastest way to getting better at descending.
Hand-grip Endurance was the second most important factor but remember that, as Gray Cook puts it, your grip is a window to your core. This means that true grip strength and grip strength endurance come not directly from the hand but in creating a strong, functional core that syncs up efficiently with your hand/ grip. This is why things like deadlifts and swings create the type of synergistic core and grip strength endurance you need to improve your Hand-grip Endurance on the bike.
These were the only two factors in the study that showed a strong correlation to performance. So far the science tells us the best way to get faster at going downhill is to focus on Skills (which includes mobility training) and Hand-grip Endurance (which includes overall functional body strength). Both of these factors can be significantly improved with a good training program that focuses on improving your mobility and strength while spending time on the bike focusing on skill development.
Self Confidence was also found to be important by the riders surveyed and once you see how Skill Level improves Self Confidence you can see how they are related. Besides the connection between moving better on the bike and feeling more self confident you can also use proven methods to improve your mental focus both before and during a ride. This means that Mental Training can help improve your performance as well.
Despite setting out to show that it played an important role in performance and setting up a test to look specifically at it, Aerobic Capacity didn’t turn out to be as important as they had thought. While it obviously plays a role in DH performance, it isn’t more important than several other factors. This makes sense when you realize that after a few years of riding your Aerobic Capacity levels off – no ones VO2Max improves forever - and then improvements usually come from other factors like improved movement efficiency (a.k.a. skills), sport specific strength and self confidence/ mental focus.
Focusing on leg power may be less important than the ability to sustain and repeat your efforts. On the race runs riders only achieved 9% of the peak power observed in the lab and only spent 55% of their time pedaling, with that broken up into multiple shorter efforts. It seems that being able to lay down power quickly is more important than what you can peak out at and being able to repeat those efforts over the course of a run is the ultimate goal.
The increased breathing rates observed on the trail were very interesting when viewed in light of the decreased cardio demands compared to what was measured in the lab. Peak cardio levels were lower during the DH race run, which means that riding on the trail was “easier” on the cardio system than how hard you can push during a lab test. The authors suggested that the increased breathing rate was because you had to hold your breath and use the Valsalva Maneuver to stabilize the spine during impacts. I think anyone who has ridden a bike downhill would suggest that they were right.
This tells me that the ability to use the breath to absorb impacts is an important skill we need to develop, which is something that kettlebell swings do a wonderful job of. It also speaks to the unique cardio demands of the trail and how you can’t simulate them in the lab or on the road. In other words, trail riding is the most important and specific cardio training you can do.
Now lets compare what this study found to the usual approach a rider takes to improving their downhill riding performance. When you do this you see that things are usually flipped. Aerobic Capacity and Anaerobic Power are emphasized while Mobility, Skills and Mental Training are are marginalized. Strength Training is also important (it will improve Hand-grip Endurance among other things) and while it is used more often than in the past, it is still often left out or used as another form of Anaerobic Capacity training i.e. bootcamp type workouts.
This means that most riders spend too much time focused on the wrong factors. While Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity are important, they aren’t more important than other factors that often get marginalized or neglected. Skipping or minimizing Strength, Mobility, Skills and Mental Training in order to spend more time on a trainer or road bike working on your cardio isn’t the best way…or at least that is what this study suggests and my experience confirms.
You have to spend time working on your mountain bike specific mobility, strength and skills if you want to ride with more speed and confidence when the trail starts to point down. Until something points me in another direction I’ll keep advocating a balanced approach that recognizes the crucial role improving your mobility and strength play in how well you can ride a bike downhill.
And now for the “that’s not what I said” portion of the article...
![MTB James]()
I am not saying that cardio is not important or that you don’t need to work on it. Anyone who has done one of my programs can tell you that you spend a good amount of working on your cardio. I’m just saying that making it the focal point of the program and minimizing these other factors isn’t the best way.
I also know that there were limitations to the study and that you can poke all sorts of holes in it if you really wanted to. Some riders are sold on the need to focus their training time on cardio over everything else and if you’ve had success with that approach then I can’t argue with you about that. The point isn’t that this study is definitive, simply that it is a unique look at the demands of DH racing and it is interesting to see what it tells us and how those things correspond with what I’ve observed working with riders at every level for over 10 years now.
Hopefully this study and what it tells us can help you make more informed decisions about the best ways to train for DH racing or just getting better at riding the descents you have to face on your local trails. Mountain biking - in all its forms - is a unique sport that requires a smart, balanced approach to improvement. Making smart use of mobility and strength training can help you in a lot of ways and now we have some science that seems to confirm that.
Until next time…
Ride Strong,
James Wilson
MTB Strength Training Systems
MTB Strength Training Systems is the world leader in integrated performance training programs for the unique demands of mountain biking. As the strength and conditioning coach for World Cup Teams and 3 National Championships, his programs have been proven at the highest levels. James has helped thousands of riders just like you improve their speed, endurance and skills on the trail. Visit www.bikejames.com to sign up for the free 30 Day MTB Skills & Fitness Program
![The MTB Strength Training Systems Logo]()
Earlier this year a study was published that looked at what it takes to be successful at Downhill Racing. This study was conducted by a team of researchers in the UK and it was unique in that it looked at more than just the usual cardio factors like VO2Max and Anaerobic Power. They realized that things like skill levels, self-confidence and hand-grip endurance also played a role, so they set out to see what exactly contributed the most to DH racing performance.
What they found was pretty interesting and worth checking out for anyone who races downhill. It really calls into question the usual approach to training for this unique sport and seems to support some of my “radical” notions about the best ways to approach improving your DH race times.
And while the study was looking specifically at going downhill really fast, there are a lot of of applications no matter what type of riding you do. Getting better at descending with more speed and confidence is pretty high on most rider’s wish list and knowing what it really takes to do that can help you make smarter training decisions.
In this article I want to go over this study, explaining what they found and what their conclusions were from it. I also want tell you what it all means for you…at least from my point of view. Hopefully you find something from it all that can help you ride faster and with more confidence on the trail.
The Study
The overall study looked to identify “physiological, psychological and skill characteristics that explain performance in DH racing”. It comprised 4 mini-studies, with each one looking at different aspects that could contribute to performance. While I’ll give you an overview of the study, you can read the official summary and access the full published study by clicking here.
The first study looked to “identify factors potentially contributing to DH performance”. They surveyed an expert panel to establish what factors they thought were most important in the success of a DH racer. The panel comprised a group of 1 team manager, 1 team mechanic and 4 Elite riders and 1 sports scientist. After their results were gathered they sent those results in the form of a survey to 50 DH riders, asking them to rank the importance of those factors on a 6 point scale. 35 of them responded and their results were combined with the panels for the final rankings.
The second study looked to “develop and validate a measure of rider skill”. They asked an expert panel to create a list of important skills and then use it to grade riders on a 10 point scale in those skills. They were then shown 50 second video clips of riders in a recent DH race and asked to grade their skills, which also gave them an average score for each rider. They weren’t told anything about the riders and did not know how they placed when grading them.
The third study looked to “evaluate whether physiological, psychological and skill variables contribute to performance at a DH competition”. They went to a UK regional downhill championship event and tested 43 riders there of various ages and abilities. They were tested in aerobic capacity via a step test, lower body anaerobic capacity via 30 second Wingate test, hand grip endurance via squeezing on an dynamometer at 5 second intervals for 5 minutes, self-confidence via a survey before the race and skill level via video analysis as discussed in the second test.
The fourth study looked to “test the specific contribution of aerobic capacity to DH performance”. They had 10 riders and was comprised of two tests itself. The first had riders come into the lab to test VO2Max and Ventilatory thresholds. The second test had those same riders simulate a DH race run while having their heart rate and exhaled gasses monitored. They were also tested for hand-grip endurance by testing their grip at the beginning and the end of the run.
The Results
The first study ranked Technical Skill as the most important factor with Self Confidence coming in second. Aerobic Capacity and Lower Body Anaerobic Capacity came in after that with Bike Set Up and Past Experience rounding out the list.
The second study resulted in a list of skills and a 10 point grading system that showed a high level of agreement among the coaches with how they were scoring riders. This scoring system was then used to grade the rider Skill Levels in the third study.
The third study found that Skill Level (as scored from 50 second video clips shown to coaches in the second study) and Hand Grip Endurance were significantly related to performance. They found no correlation between Aerobic Capacity, Lower Body Anaerobic Capacity or Self-Confidence and performance.
The fourth study found no correlation between aerobic capacity and performance. Peak values obtained during the simulated race run were less than what was obtained in the lab for VO2Max, minute ventilation and heart rate. However, breathing rate was actually increased compared to what was observed in the lab. They also found that Hand-grip Fatigue had a modest but significant correlation with performance.
Their Conclusions
At the end of the study they concluded that Skill Level and Hand-grip Endurance explained 73% of variance in ride times. They were the only factors that showed a significant correlation with performance and both of them came up twice in the study as being important.
The role for aerobic capacity was only partially supported by the data and there was no direct correlation between it and performance. It was obvious that there was a large aerobic demand but they couldn’t establish a link between VO2Max and how a rider actually performed.
Self Confidence didn’t do well in analysis of the third study but it was ranked as the second most important factor by the riders surveyed in the first study. After looking at the numbers they concluded that Skill Level feeds into Self Confidence and that feeds into performance.
Maximal anaerobic power was also unrelated to performance but they thought they might find a better correlation to the ability to repeat those anaerobic efforts “as previously shown in cross country mountain biking.”
Their conclusion was that the most important factors were 1) Rider Skill, 2) Hand-grip Endurance, 3) Self Confidence and 4) Aerobic Capacity “tentatively presented in order of importance”.
What it all means…at least to me.
At the end of the day Rider Skill was the most important factor, which means that developing your skills is the best thing you can do to get better at going downhill. And one of the best ways to do this is to focus on mobility training so you can efficiently get into the right positions on your bike. I can show and tell you all day long how to execute a skill but if you lack the mobility and/ or body awareness to get into the most efficient positions then it doesn’t matter. Knowing what to do only helps if you can actually do it.
It also means that you need to spend time working on your skills. Whether it is doing drills in a parking lot or spending dedicated time during rides focusing on specific skills - or preferably both – you have to use focused practice as a big part of your training program. Just riding your bike will only get you so far and making sure you can move efficiently and then can apply that movement properly to the bike is the fastest way to getting better at descending.
Hand-grip Endurance was the second most important factor but remember that, as Gray Cook puts it, your grip is a window to your core. This means that true grip strength and grip strength endurance come not directly from the hand but in creating a strong, functional core that syncs up efficiently with your hand/ grip. This is why things like deadlifts and swings create the type of synergistic core and grip strength endurance you need to improve your Hand-grip Endurance on the bike.
These were the only two factors in the study that showed a strong correlation to performance. So far the science tells us the best way to get faster at going downhill is to focus on Skills (which includes mobility training) and Hand-grip Endurance (which includes overall functional body strength). Both of these factors can be significantly improved with a good training program that focuses on improving your mobility and strength while spending time on the bike focusing on skill development.
Self Confidence was also found to be important by the riders surveyed and once you see how Skill Level improves Self Confidence you can see how they are related. Besides the connection between moving better on the bike and feeling more self confident you can also use proven methods to improve your mental focus both before and during a ride. This means that Mental Training can help improve your performance as well.
Despite setting out to show that it played an important role in performance and setting up a test to look specifically at it, Aerobic Capacity didn’t turn out to be as important as they had thought. While it obviously plays a role in DH performance, it isn’t more important than several other factors. This makes sense when you realize that after a few years of riding your Aerobic Capacity levels off – no ones VO2Max improves forever - and then improvements usually come from other factors like improved movement efficiency (a.k.a. skills), sport specific strength and self confidence/ mental focus.
Focusing on leg power may be less important than the ability to sustain and repeat your efforts. On the race runs riders only achieved 9% of the peak power observed in the lab and only spent 55% of their time pedaling, with that broken up into multiple shorter efforts. It seems that being able to lay down power quickly is more important than what you can peak out at and being able to repeat those efforts over the course of a run is the ultimate goal.
The increased breathing rates observed on the trail were very interesting when viewed in light of the decreased cardio demands compared to what was measured in the lab. Peak cardio levels were lower during the DH race run, which means that riding on the trail was “easier” on the cardio system than how hard you can push during a lab test. The authors suggested that the increased breathing rate was because you had to hold your breath and use the Valsalva Maneuver to stabilize the spine during impacts. I think anyone who has ridden a bike downhill would suggest that they were right.
This tells me that the ability to use the breath to absorb impacts is an important skill we need to develop, which is something that kettlebell swings do a wonderful job of. It also speaks to the unique cardio demands of the trail and how you can’t simulate them in the lab or on the road. In other words, trail riding is the most important and specific cardio training you can do.
Now lets compare what this study found to the usual approach a rider takes to improving their downhill riding performance. When you do this you see that things are usually flipped. Aerobic Capacity and Anaerobic Power are emphasized while Mobility, Skills and Mental Training are are marginalized. Strength Training is also important (it will improve Hand-grip Endurance among other things) and while it is used more often than in the past, it is still often left out or used as another form of Anaerobic Capacity training i.e. bootcamp type workouts.
This means that most riders spend too much time focused on the wrong factors. While Aerobic and Anaerobic Capacity are important, they aren’t more important than other factors that often get marginalized or neglected. Skipping or minimizing Strength, Mobility, Skills and Mental Training in order to spend more time on a trainer or road bike working on your cardio isn’t the best way…or at least that is what this study suggests and my experience confirms.
You have to spend time working on your mountain bike specific mobility, strength and skills if you want to ride with more speed and confidence when the trail starts to point down. Until something points me in another direction I’ll keep advocating a balanced approach that recognizes the crucial role improving your mobility and strength play in how well you can ride a bike downhill.
And now for the “that’s not what I said” portion of the article...
I am not saying that cardio is not important or that you don’t need to work on it. Anyone who has done one of my programs can tell you that you spend a good amount of working on your cardio. I’m just saying that making it the focal point of the program and minimizing these other factors isn’t the best way.
I also know that there were limitations to the study and that you can poke all sorts of holes in it if you really wanted to. Some riders are sold on the need to focus their training time on cardio over everything else and if you’ve had success with that approach then I can’t argue with you about that. The point isn’t that this study is definitive, simply that it is a unique look at the demands of DH racing and it is interesting to see what it tells us and how those things correspond with what I’ve observed working with riders at every level for over 10 years now.
Hopefully this study and what it tells us can help you make more informed decisions about the best ways to train for DH racing or just getting better at riding the descents you have to face on your local trails. Mountain biking - in all its forms - is a unique sport that requires a smart, balanced approach to improvement. Making smart use of mobility and strength training can help you in a lot of ways and now we have some science that seems to confirm that.
Until next time…
Ride Strong,
James Wilson
MTB Strength Training Systems
MTB Strength Training Systems is the world leader in integrated performance training programs for the unique demands of mountain biking. As the strength and conditioning coach for World Cup Teams and 3 National Championships, his programs have been proven at the highest levels. James has helped thousands of riders just like you improve their speed, endurance and skills on the trail. Visit www.bikejames.com to sign up for the free 30 Day MTB Skills & Fitness Program
Author Info:
Must Read This Week
Sign Up for the Pinkbike Newsletter - All the Biggest, Most Interesting Stories in your Inbox
PB Newsletter Signup
Another thing to note is that a representative sample of the general racing population was used, so some were fast and others not so fast. If you took this forward and sampled the top 20 riders at the world cup you might find some different results. Perhaps among a group more similar in skill level (e.g., the top 10 at a world cup...) the role of fitness would play a larger role in explaining performance.
Screw your zone training, screw your heart-rate moniters, your power meters, your energy gels and your farking lycra. I'm going to ride as fast as possible down that steep-ass trail, call it training, and have the science back me up. Sweet.
And avoid slabs: no grips no fun (IMO)
I . l
\l_l/
Would have been cool if the study compared VO2 max or resting heart rate between elite DHers and different tiers of XC racers to see where they fall. I think it's awesome that the author did this kind or work, but it definitely smells like the results were steered towards promoting his training program. Not saying he did that dishonestly, it's natural for a core trainer to see things from a core trainer's perspective. But it would be cool if someone broadened the scope of the study and did a little peer review.
Don't have a BMX/DJ bike, but I imagine hitting jumps and pump tracks would help in much the same way. With small wheels and no suspension there's nothing there to cover up your mistakes.
At the first WC of the year, the results of the study would indicate how Gwin won so easily. It seemed that he checked all the boxes that day.
Having done some coaching for climbers I am always reminded just how useful those same skills are when I'm on my bike.
My advice: climbing once a week will do wonders for your on bike performance.
And the skills needed to manage the resulting speed
I think once your happy with bikesetup, if you have a little fittness, and decent core strength, you can simply focus on ... Not focusing.. And relaxing..and loving riding.
Thats my way
What do I need to upgrade on my bike to win?
Also think that calmness plays a big part in speed. When you're flying down a hill just reacting to the track its easy to make quick and sudden little mistakes that will scrub off speed. Thinking ahead and visualising how you want to hit the next section and following through with your plan will only lead to smoother runs, which will conserve energy when you need it near the end of your run so you can push hard (but controlled) all the way to the finish.